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- ColorSync Software: How It Works
-
- Article Created: 6 January 1992
-
-
- TOPIC -----------------------------------------------------------
-
- How does ColorSync work?
-
-
- DISCUSSION ------------------------------------------------------
-
- ColorSync is an extension to QuickDraw. It facilitates color conversion
- from the color space (method of mathematically describing a color) of one
- device to the color space of another device. It does this while
- maintaining consistent visual representation. In simple terms, ColorSync
- displays and prints the same image that it scanned.
-
- THE MAJOR DIFFICULTIES IN REPRODUCING COLOR
- -------------------------------------------
- The physics of color presents a technical barrier, since delivering
- colored light is very different from delivering colored ink. Colors are
- described in device-dependent terms:
-
- • RGB (Red, Green, Blue) for monitors and most scanners
- • CMYK (Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, and Black) for most printers
-
- Device-dependent descriptions cause the same blend on one monitor to
- display a very different color on a different monitor. While it's
- possible to map an RGB value to a CMYK value for a given pair of devices,
- this isn't a practical solution because changing the devices changes the
- mapping, and therefore the result.
-
- Different devices (scanner, monitor, printer) have different capabilities
- in delivering color. A color possible on one device isn't possible on
- another. Every device produces a different range of colors, or color
- gamut. The scanner, display, and printer each have a different color
- gamut. Colors that all three devices can produce present no problem. But
- colors that only one or two devices can generate require color matching.
-
- The perceived color given by a specific value of RGB for an individual
- monitor can vary. Any RGB to CMYK mapping won't be accurate over time.
- The solution for this problem is commonly called calibration.
-
- COLORSYNC ARCHITECTURE
- ----------------------
- ColorSync is a system extension that provides color matching capabilities
- to the existing QuickDraw graphics model. It provides three important
- features:
-
- • System-Level Support for Color Matching
- All applications and peripherals can take advantage of it. All
- applications and imaging peripherals use the same scheme for color
- matching.
- • Support for Existing Applications
- Some existing applications get color-matched printing without waiting for
- revised applications. ColorSync provides some new calls that enable
- applications to match to the display as well. This completes the entire
- picture -- matched input, display, and output.
- • Opportunities for Third Parties to Add Value
- ColorSync uses the Component Manager which allows third-party developers
- to add value to the color-matching system. This was developed in
- conjunction with QuickTime to link a series of Apple or third-party color
- management resources and utilities.
-
- HOW COLORSYNC SOLVES COLOR MATCHING PROBLEMS
- --------------------------------------------
- Device-Independent Color
- ------------------------
- ColorSync was developed to solve the problems related to device-dependent
- color such as RGB and CMYK. ColorSync attempts to consistently represent
- colors (visually very similar or identical) across the three color gamuts.
- ColorSync uses device profiles to determine what colors a device can
- display, print, or scan (device color gamut).
-
- ColorSync translates the colors the originating device created for the
- image into a device-independent, and human perception-based color space,
- CIE XYZ. From the CIE-XYZ color space, ColorSync then translates the image
- into the color space of the destination device.
-
- ColorSync uses the Apple Color High-Resolution RGB monitor as the default
- system profile or space. This creates a device-independent color
- definition while maintaining compatibility with QuickDraw, which is RGB-
- based. You can select any monitor that has a profile installed.
-
- Applications
- ------------
- There are three levels of ColorSync application support:
-
- • Printing Fidelity
- Making the standard Macintosh call, DrawPicture, enables matching the
- source image to the printer. Applications that support this call provide
- printing functionality without revision.
- • Display Fidelity
- ColorSync can correct for the display if the source is a scanner or a
- different monitor. The ColorPicker shows two gamuts, and you can choose
- those available on the monitor and printer or other display.
- • Preview Function
- ColorSync allows applications to offer a preview function that indicates
- those colors not possible on a particular device. Users can check
- documents before printing.
-
- Device Profiles and Drivers
- ---------------------------
- ColorSync allows characterizations of each device in terms of the CIE XYZ
- color space. These characterizations are called profiles. This allows
- making comparisons between any pair of ColorSync devices in terms of the
- common space.
-
- Color Matching with ColorSync CMMs (Color Matching Methods)
- -----------------------------------------------------------
- CMMs give the best possible match when the exact match isn't available.
- ColorSync uses the device profiles to determine if a device can display or
- print a certain color. If a color is outside the color gamut of a device,
- ColorSync determines a best-match color within that device's gamut. It
- uses a simple look-up table or an algorithmic calculation to do this. The
- table look-up method is much faster than the algorithmic method. The
- algorithmic method gives better color matching, and offers four options:
-
- • Perceptual
- This maintains perceptual differences. Colors are interpreted relative
- to the destination device's white point. This option is usually best for
- photographic scanned images.
- • Colorimetric
- This option maintains individual colors at the expense of their relative
- values. It's usually best for spot colors.
- • Saturation
- This maintains the levels of color saturation. It sacrifices contrast to
- maintain color saturation. It's usually best for computer-generated
- graphics.
- • Faster Matching
- This offers a good compromise between photographs and computer-generated
- images, and takes less time.
-
- ColorSync attempts to provide a base level of color matching with the
- smallest possible memory footprint (about 70K). Some print jobs require
- higher quality color matching. More sophisticated color management schemes
- can replace ColorSync's color matching method and hook into ColorSync via
- the Component Manager. This process allows other color management products
- to integrate into the system software via ColorSync. ColorSync still
- translates the image's colors into the device-independent color space.
- However, ColorSync then calls the substituted color matching method to
- translate the image into the color space of the destination device.
-
- Color Calibration
- -----------------
- The ColorSync Color Management extensions support the calibration systems
- available from third-party developers (such as SuperMac, Radius, and Raster
- Ops). You can periodically update the profile to compensate for
- differences from the standard profile.
-
-
- Copyright 1993, Apple Computer, Inc.
-
-